Radiation exposure from terrestrial sources mainly due to natural occurring radionuclides comprises significant portions of environmental radiation exposure. Activity concentrations of U-238, Th-232 and K-40, spatial distribution, contamination assessment and estimation of radiological health risk indices of surface soil samples were carried out in Ondo Town southwestern Nigeria. Twenty surface soil samples were collected and prepared as per the recommended procedure by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Activities of U-238, Th-232 and K-40 in these samples were determined using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). Results showed that the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in soil samples obtained ranged from 52.70–113.34 Bq kg-1, 26.66–196.34 Bq kg-1 and 1292.69– 2087.71 Bq kg-1, respectively. The calculated mean radium equivalent activity (Raeq) value of the soils was found to be 343.12 Bq kg-1.. Pollution indices (Igeo, CF, CD and PLI) showed low enrichment with background contributions from K-40 and U-238. Radiological hazard assessment revealed that average indoor and outdoor AEDE of 1.68 mSv/y and 0.143 mSv/y, respectively. The average excess lifetime cancer risk values were highest for indoor pathway affecting the testes and bone marrow. Pearson correlation coefficient and principal component analysis revealed that the dominant contributor to external gamma radiation exposure was K-40, while Th-232 was the controlling nuclide for gonadal dose exposure. Spatial distribution maps showed localized hotspots associated with heterogeneous lithological and geochemical characteristics. The soil in this study vicinity is not highly contaminated but indoor exposures from building materials containing these radionuclides can pose a potential health risk upon long-term exposure.